然而,她繼續說道,如果她當時在,一定會比哈利·布萊克門做得更好。布萊克門在羅伊案中的意見已經擴大了根據懷孕時間長短決定墮胎的憲法保護。前三個月,就是墮胎比懷孕安全時,墮胎權是絕對的。隨後,直到胎兒能夠在子宮以外存活(成活性),州僅可以為了母親健康而限制墮胎。最後,州可以禁止墮胎,除非該等禁止損及母親健康。自始至終母親的健康都處於首位,並且直到胎兒能在子宮外存活前,都是最高利益。
「最高法院意見非常明確,」奧康納認為,「無論是合理的憲法理論,還是我們需要基於中立原則進行判決的案件,都無法與根據懷孕‘階段’而變化的分析框架相適應。該框架中,出現對於州規定的特殊挑戰時,根據可利用的醫療技術水平,懷孕階段和相應的審查標準也不同。」奧康納推測,這標準本身就自相矛盾。在她的科學認知裡,醫生將越來越擅長在子宮外保全胎兒。這將徹底解決成活性問題。墮胎會變得越來越安全,這使得既定標準中不能碰觸的前三個月孕期標準越走越遠。在異議中,她描述布萊克門的框架「不可行」「不正當」「在法律或邏輯上無法證明」——好在布萊克門的一個書記官及時介入,才阻止她說「沒有原則」。
奧康納大法官隨後解釋了她對墮胎判決的看法。與布萊克門在羅伊案中的意見相反,奧康納認為州不應僅關注母親健康,還應在胎兒的概念上做些文章。因此,只要政府沒有對終止妊娠的決定造成「不合理負擔」,它就可以在任何時間做任何它想做的事情。不要求考慮婦女的健康。在這個自她上任以來的首次嘗試中,奧康納表明意見,她贊成亞克朗市對婦女墮胎決定的每一項限制,並將此作為建議標準。
雖然此後人們將墮胎權的不合理負擔標準歸功於奧康納,但那不是她的主意。1980年總統選舉後,共和黨執政的12年裡,司法部才是推翻墮胎權運動的急先鋒。奧康納的標準直接來自里根政府司法部在阿克倫案中的「法庭之友」意見書。這份意見書引起了很大爭論,它沒有告知最高法院應完全撤銷羅伊判決。9年以後,喬治·布什總統政府以類似的「法庭之友」身份,一致同意並且堅定要求推翻羅伊案。這種對抗不可避免:一旦法院在持續9個月的胎兒利益方面作出讓步,該利益就會與婦女獲得墮胎權的利益產生衝突。這個終點沒有原則,只有對畸形兒和用衣架墮胎之類故事的厭惡:不能回到糟糕的舊時代,將墮胎當作刑事犯罪。我們只能竭盡所能地遠離那個時代。
奧康納在1983年對羅伊案提出的修訂只是一個異議。而1986年,在她的第二個墮胎案中,她輸掉了同一場鬥爭的複賽。曾經謹慎樂觀的女性團體,迅速轉身離開她們的第一個最高法院女英雄。與布萊克門所建立的清晰的、與時間相關,且基於女性健康設定墮胎限制的標準不同,「不合理負擔」的含糊用語預示著——隨後傳達了對削減墮胎權不斷增長的幻想。
冷菜味道更好
阿克倫案的異議引發了憤怒餘波,但其實奧康納的女性立場比一般人看到的要友好得多。1983年,正當她準備接受里根政府所採取的與墮胎權完全敵對的立場時,她到了喬治·華盛頓法學院,第一次參加關於婦女和法律的全國性大會。
這個大會歷史悠久,可以追溯至60年代穿著破舊的女權主義活動家的集會。1983年的這次會議有包括律師、法學教授和學生在內的上千名與會者參加,特別是還有最高法院大法官出席。作為著名女性權益倡導者和上訴法院法官,魯斯·巴德·金斯伯格太有資格參加這次盛會了。當然,金斯伯格很早就開始參加這個會議,那時她帶著自己的女性與法律課程的影印資料以及供交流使用的教學大綱。後來這些資料都被她收入女性與法律領域最早的一批案例書中。1981年奧康納出現,以第一位女性身份成為最高法院大法官提名人選時,金斯伯格還從未聽說過她。那時金斯伯格此前的書記官之一黛博拉·梅里特(deborahmerritt)正是奧康納將要接替的波特·斯圖爾特大法官的書記官。斯圖爾特在梅里特做書記官時退休,繼任者奧康納接納了梅里特。因此,在奧康納的第一個開庭期,她有一個來自金斯伯格庭室的書記官。奧康納密西西比女子大學案的意見公佈時,馬丁·金斯伯格問他的妻子是否是奧康納的槍手。金斯伯格期待著與奧康納相識。在第十四屆婦女和法律大會上,這位新任大法官終於來了。
金斯伯格不知道的是,她和奧康納在大會上相遇時,最高法院正要向公眾宣佈一場女性和法律(律師事務所)議題的甜美勝利。
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