fajenb.r.,etwarren,「behavioraldynamicsofsteering,obstableavoidance,androuteselection」,journalofexperimentalpsychology,vol.29,avril2003,p.343.
druryj.,langstonp.,etal.,「cooperationversuscompetitioninamassemergencyevacuation:anewlaboratorysimulationandanewtheoreticalmodel」,behaviorresearchmethods,vol.41,août2009,pp.957-970.
8.幫一把,還是快逃開?
災難現場目擊者報告:
darleyj.m.,etlatanéb.,「bystanderinterventioninemergencies:difusionofresponsibility」,journalofpersonalityandsocialpsychology,vol.8,avril1968,pp.377.
施展慷慨行為時的腦成像:
parks.q.,tobler,etal.,「aneurallinkbetweengenerosityandhappiness」,naturecommunications,vol.8,juillet2017.
人類的利他本性:
tomasellom.,whywecooperate,cambridge,themitpress,2009.
說服的技巧:
guéguenn.,etpascuala.,「evocationoffreedomandcompliance:the‘butyouarefreeof...’technique」,currentresearchinsocialpsychology,vol.5,septembre2000,pp.264-270.
cialdinir.b.,influence,portharcourt/paris,businessman/albinmichel,1987.
緊張壓力使人更慷慨:
rand,greenej.d.,etnowak,「spontaneousgivingandcalculatedgreed」,nature,vol.489,septembre2012,pp.427-430.
buchanan,,etpreston,s.d.,「stressleadstoprosocialactioninimmediateneedsituations」,frontiersinbehavioralneuroscience,vol.8,janvier2014,pp.1-6.
讓實驗者緊張起來的溫和手段:
kirschbaumc.,pirke,ethellhammer,「the「triersocialstresstest」-atoolforinvestigatingpsychobiologicalstressresponsesinalaboratorysetting」,neuropsychobiology,vol.28,1993,pp.76-81.
「9·11」事件及2005年倫敦地鐵恐怖襲擊後的走訪:
blakes.,galeae.,westengh.,etdixona.j.,「ananalysisofhumanbehaviourduringthewtcdisasterof11september2001basedonpublishedsurvivoraccounts」,proceedingsofthe3rdinternationalsymposiumonhumanbehaviourinfire,vol.1,septembre2004,pp.181-192.
druryj.,cockingc.,etreichers.,「thenatureofcollectiveresilience:survivorreactionstothe2005londonbombings」,internationaljournalofmassemergenciesanddisasters,vol.27,mars2009,pp.66-95.
「泰坦尼克號」上的逃生:
corradof.,titanic,lille,hachettecollections,2003.
「旁觀者效應」的元分析:
fischerp.,kainbacherm.,etal.,「thebystander-effect:ametaanalyticreviewonbystanderinterventionindangerousandnon-dangerousemergencies」,psychologicalbulletin,vol.137,juillet2011,pp.517-537.
關於利他行為會「傳染」的研究:
tsvetkovam.,etmacy,「thesocialcontagionofgenerosity」,plosone,vol.9,février2014.
fowler,etchristakis,「cooperativebehaviorcascadesinhumansocialnetworks」,proceedingsofthenationalacademyofsciences,vol.107,mars2010,pp.5334-5338.
9.資訊流行病
在梅連度進行的埃博拉病毒源頭調查:
saéz,sachsea.,etal.,「investigatingthezoonoticoriginofthewestafricanebolaepidemic」,embomolecularmedicine,vol.7,décembre2014,pp.17-24.
中世紀黑死病傳播研究:
noblej.v.,「geographicandtemporaldevelopmentofplagues」,nature,vol.250,août1974,pp.726-729.
人的移動與疾病傳播的關係研究:
brockmannd.,ethelbingd.,「thehiddengeometryofcomplex,network-drivencontagionphenomena」,science,vol.342,décembre2013,pp.1337-1342.
臉書上的影像傳播實驗:
chengj.,adamicl.,dow,kleinberg,etleskovecj.,「cancascadesbepredicted?」,proceedingsofthe23rdinternationalconferenceonworldwideweb,avril2014,pp.925-936.
h1n1流感在推特上的資訊傳播:
salathém.,etkhandelwals.,「assessingvaccinationsentimentswithonlinesocialmedia:implicationsforinfectiousdiseasedynamicsandcontrol」,ploscomputationalbiology,vol.7,octobre2011.
假新聞傳播速度研究:
vosoughis.,royd.,etarals.,「thespreadoftrueandfalsenewsonline」,science,vol.359,mars2018,pp.1146-1151.
最早關於資訊在傳播中的歪曲的研究之一:
bartlettf.,remembering:anexperimentalandsocialstudy,cambridge,cambridgeuniversitypress,1932.
我們關於謠言傳播的研究:
moussaïdm.,brightonh.,etgaissmaierw.,「theamplificationofriskinexperimentaldifusionchains」,proceedingsofthenationalacademyofsciences,vol.112,avril2015,pp.5631-5636.
10.人際網路
米爾格倫的「六度分隔」研究:
traversj.,etmilgrams.,「anexperimentalstudyofthesmall-worldproblem」,sociometry,vol.32,décembre1969,pp.425-443.
對網路進行科學研究的兩篇奠基性論文:
wattsd.j.,etstrogatz,「collectivedynamicsof‘small-world’networks」,nature,vol.393,juin1998,pp.440-443.
barabási,etalbertr.,「emergenceofscalinginrandomnetworks」,science,vol.286,octobre1999,pp.509-512.
該領域的兩本重要參考書:
barabási,linked,newyork,plume,2003.
wattsd.j.,sixdegrees:thescienceofaconnectedage,newyork,norton&company,2004.
克里斯塔基斯和富勒的關於「社交傳染」的多項研究成果:
christakis,etfowler,connected:thesurprisingpowerofoursocialnetworksandhowtheyshapeourlives,boston,little,brownandcompany,2009.
christakis,etfowler,「thespreadofobesityinalargesocialnetworkover32years」,newenglandjournalofmedicine,vol.357,juillet2007,pp.370-379.
christakis,etfowler,「thecollectivedynamicsofsmokinginalargesocialnetwork」,newenglandjournalofmedicine,vol.358,mai2008,pp.2249-2258.
fowlerj.h.,etchristakisn.a.,「dynamicspreadofhappinessinalargesocialnetwork:longitudinalanalysisover20yearsintheframinghamheartstudy」,bmj,vol.337,décembre2008,p.2338.
臉書使用者的心理側寫:
kosinskim.,stillwelld.,etgraepelt.,「privatetraitsandattributesarepredictablefromdigitalrecordsofhumanbehavior」,proceedingsofthenationalacademyofsciences,vol.110,mars2013,pp.5802-5805.
對影響力渠道的研究:
arals.,etwalkerd.,「identifyinginfluentialandsusceptiblemembersofsocialnetworks」,science,vol.337,juin2012,pp.337-341.
臉書與大選期間的政治動員關係研究:
bond,fowler,etal.,「a61-million-personexperimentinsocialinfluenceandpoliticalmobilization」,nature,vol.489,septembre2012,p.295.
情緒傳染的爭議性研究:
kramera.d.,guillory,ethancock,「experimentalevidenceofmassive-scaleemotionalcontagionthroughsocialnetworks」,proceedingsofthenationalacademyofsciencesoftheunitedstatesofamerica,vol.111,juin2014,p.8788.
11.千猜萬判鑄一智
高爾頓切蛋糕法:
galtonf.,「cuttingaroundcakeonscientificprinciples」,nature,vol.75,décembre1906,p.173.
19世紀思想家們對大眾智慧的負面判斷:
lebong.,psychologiedesfoules,paris,félixalcan,1895.
mackayc.,extraordinarypopulardelusionsandthemadnessofcrowds,londres,richardbentley,1841.
弗朗西斯·高爾頓關於估算牛重量的文章:
galtonf.,「voxpopuli」,nature,vol.75,mars1907,pp.450-451.
暢銷書《群體的智慧》:
surowieckij.,thewisdomofthecrowds,newyork,doubledaybooks,2004.
關於醫生群體的智慧:
kurvers,wolfm.,etal.,「boostingmedicaldiagnosticsbypoolingindependentjudgments」,proceedingsofthenationalacademyofsciences,vol.113,août2016,pp.8777-8782.
kämmer,hautz,herzog,kunina-habenichto.,etkurvers,「thepotentialofcollectiveintelligenceinemergencymedicine:poolingmedicalstudents’independentdecisionsimprovesdiagnosticperformance」,medicaldecisionmaking,vol.37,mars2017,pp.715-724.
關於多樣性預測定理:
page,thediference:howthepowerofdiversitycreatesbettergroups,firms,schools,andsocieties,princeton,princetonuniversitypress,2008.
社交影響力對集體判斷的影響:
lorenzj.,rauhuth.,schweitzerf.,ethelbingd.,「howsocialinfluencecanunderminethewisdomofcrowdefect」,proceedingsofthenationalacademyofsciences,vol.108,mai2011,pp.9020-9025.
muchnikl.,arals.,ettaylors.j.,「socialinfluencebias:arandomizedexperiment」,science,vol.341,août2013,pp.647-651.
學生給教師評分制度的負面影響:
eiszler,「collegestudents’evaluationsofteachingandgradeinflation」,researchinhighereducation,vol.43,août2002,pp.483-501.
文化市場中的集體判斷:
salganikm.j.,doddsp.s.,etwattsd.j.,「experimentalstudyofinequalityandunpredictabilityinanartificialculturalmarket」,science,vol.311,février2006,pp.854-856.
12.朝陽升起時
路易斯·馮·安的驗證碼:
vonahnl.,maurerb.,mcmillenc.,abrahamd.,etblumm.,「recaptcha:human-basedcharacterrecognitionviawebsecuritymeasures」,science,vol.321,septembre2008,pp.1465-1468.
大眾參與美國國家航空航天局研究的例子:
westphala.j.,simionovicia.s.,etal.,「evidenceforinterstellaroriginofsevendustparticlescollectedbythestardustspacecraft」,science,vol.345,août2014,pp.786-791.
眾包式科研的成果:
coopers.,folditplayers,etal.,「predictingproteinstructureswithamultiplayeronlinegame」,nature,vol.466,août2010,pp.756-760.
khatibf.,bakerd.,etal.,「crystalstructureofamonomericretroviralproteasesolvedbyproteinfoldinggameplayers」,naturestructural&molecularbiology,vol.18,septembre2011,pp.1175-1177.
sørensenj,sherson,etal.,「exploringthequantumspeedlimitwithcomputergames」,nature,vol.532,avril2016,pp.210-213.
gowerst.,etnielsenm.,「massivelycollaborativemathematics」,nature,vol.461,octobre2009,pp.879-881.
對維基百科編輯質量的研究:
casebournei.,daviesc.,fernandesm.,etnormann.,assessingtheaccuracyandqualityofwikipediaentriescomparedtopopularonlineencyclopaedias:acomparativepreliminarystudyacrossdisciplinesinenglish,spanishandarabic,brighton,epicuk,2012.
螞蟻和白蟻巢穴的構造:
moreira,ramos,etal.,「externalandinternalstructureofattabisphaericaforel(hymenoptera:formicidae)nests」,journalofappliedentomology,vol.128,avril2004,pp.204-211.
pernaa.,theraulazg.,etal.,「thestructureofgallerynetworksinthenestsoftermitecubitermesspp.revealedbyx-raytomography」,naturwissenschaften,vol.95,mai2008,pp.877-884.
群居型昆蟲的建築行為:
grassép.p.,「lathéoriedelastigmergie:essaid’interprétationducomportementdestermitesconstructeurs」,insectessociaux,vol.6,1959,pp.41-81.
後記
關於大眾監測儀的靈感來源「地球神經系統」,它是在2012年歐洲的「資訊通訊未來」(futureict)專案框架下提出的:
giannottif.,helbingd.,etal.,「aplanetarynervoussystemforsocialminingandcollectiveawareness」,theeuropeanphysicaljournalspecialtopics,vol.214,novembre2012,pp.49-75.
有關步行加速器的設想:
martis.,「onvabientôtmarchersurletrottoirintelligent」,ladépêche,mars2011.
蜜蜂舞蹈的研究:
vonfrischk.,thedancelanguageandorientationofbees,cambridge,harvarduniversitypress,1967.